University of Zambia Medical Library



SCHOOL OF MEDICINE

Table of Contents


DEPARTMENTAL UNITS/FACULTY

DEAN'S OFFICE

DEAN
Professor Munkonge, L., MD, DTM&H (Germany),FRCS (Glasgow)

ASSISTANT DEAN POSTGRADUATE
Dr. Yakub Mulla, MB ChB, FRCS (orth)

ASSISTANT DEAN GENERAL
Dr. Sekelani S. Banda, MB ChB, MSc. Med. Sci., DMEd

SENIOR ASSISTANT REGISTRAR
Mrs Kapembwa, J.K.M., B.A (Zambia.) Cert. Mgt. Higher Learning Institution (Manchester).

ASSISTANT REGISTRAR
Mrs. Kasaka, M.P, Cert. Personel Management (Zambia), BSW (Zambia)

SENIOR ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANT
Mr. Mwape, Stanley, B.A (Zambia).

MANAGEMENT SECRETARY
Mrs. Mwanamuchende, B.C., Cert. Adv. Management Dev.

DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT & PROFESSOR
Professor Karashani, J.T., MBChB (East Africa, PhD (Belfast)

LECTURERS
Dr. Kafumukache, E.B., BSc (Zambia), MBChB Zambia), MMed Sci (Glasgow)
Dr. Banda, S.S., BSc (Zambia), MBChB (Zambia), MMedSci (Glasgow), DMEd (Cardiff)
Dr. Munthali, J., BSc (Zambia), MBChB (Zambia ), MMedSci (Belfast), MMedSci (Dublin)

CHIEF TECHNICIANS
Vacant

DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT
Vacant
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
Professor Sims, P., BDS., MBBS (London), MSc.(Liverpool), FRSH. (London).
SENIOR LECTURER
Dr. Baboo, K.S., BSc. (Sambalpur Orissa) MBBS (India) MD New Delhi) DABTM. (USA), FRSH.(London)
LECTURERS
Dr. Chitalu, N.W., MBBS (Bombay), MPH (Tulane)
Dr. Chiwele, L., MBBS (Boston), MPH (Boston), Dr PH (Tulane)
Dr. N'gandu, H.N., BSc (Zambia), MSc (Leeds), PhD (North Carolina)

DEPARTMENT OF SURGERY

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT AND ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
Professor Erzingtsan, Krikor, LRCSI (Ireland), FRCSI (Ireland)
PROFESSOR
Professor Jellis, J., OBE., MBBS., LRCP, MRCS., FRCS (England), FRC S.(Edinburgh)
ASSOCIATE PROFESSORS
Professor Munkonge, L., MD. DTM&H (Germany),FRCS (Glasgow)
SENIOR LECTURERS
Mr. Desai Girish , MBBS., FRCS (Edinburgh)
Mr. Mulla, Y., BSc (Zambia), MBChB (Zambia), MMed., ODTS. RCS (England), MCh. Orth. (Liverpool)
Dr. Labib, Mohamed, MBChB., MD. Urology (Cairo, Egypt)
Dr. Jewell, James, MD., FACS., FCCP. (America)
Dr. Simonde, Stephen, BSc. (Zambia), MBChB. (Zambia), FRCS. (UK).
STAFF DEVELOPMENT FELLOW Dr. Kaunda, N., BSc (Zambia), MBChB (Zambia)
CHIEF TECHNICIAN
Mr. Kasobe, L., Cert. Clin. Chem. (Accra) DMLS. (Evelyn Hone, Lusaka Zambia) DMLS.
HONORARY LECTURERS
Dr. Lambart, T.K

DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOY

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT AND SENIOR LECTURER
Shinondo,C. J. BSc. (Zambia), MSc.(Cambridge), MPH.(Tulane), ScD. (Tulane).
LECTURERS
Dr. Kaile, T., BSc. (Zambia), MBChB. (Zambia), PG Dip clin lab Sc (Leeds), MSc. (Leeds).
Mrs. Mulundu, G., Dip. NRDC (Zambia), BSc. (Surrey, UK), MSc.(LSHTM))
DIRECTOR OF LABORATORY SERVICES
Prof. Fleming, A.T., MA, MD, BChir (Cambridge), FRCPath (UK), FMC Path (Nigeria) FWACP (West Africa)
HONORARY LECTURERS
Dr. Mudenda V., BSc (HB) (Zambia), DCP (London), MMedSc (Belfast) MRCPath (UK)
Dr. Mwansa J.C.L., Ph.D (Manchester), BSc. Hb (Human Biology) (Zambia) Dip. Bact. (Manchester)
Dr. Mpabalwani E.M., MSc. (Zambia) MBCHB (Zambia) Cert. Med. Virology (Zambia), MSc (Zambia).
JAPANESE EXPERTS
Prof. Yoshio Numazaki, MD., Ph.D (Sendai) Japanese International Cooperation Agency Chief Adviser. Virology laboratories
Dr. Hiroshi Terunuma, MD., Ph.D (Tohoku University School of Medicine (Sendai), Japanese International Coperation Agency Expert, Virology Laboratory.
STAFF DEVELOPEMENT FELLOWS
Dr. Munthali , Pathologist On Study Leave
Dr. Mumba, Pathologist On Study Leave
CHIEF TECHNICIAN
Mr. Siame. Cert. MLT (Dar-es-Salaam), Higher National Diploma in MLT (Dar-es-Salaam).
TECHNICIANS Mr. B. Mandanda, Cert. MLS. Certificate Parasitology/Protozology, Helminthology, Entomology (ZAMBIA)
Mr. Siluwaile, Medical laboratory Assistant College: Ndola School of Medical Laboratory Sciences (Zambia)
Mr. C.B. Chikonka, Cert. M.L.S., Cert. Histology/Haematology, Parasitology Microbiology, Virology

DEPARTMENT OF PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT AND SENIOR LECTURER
Dr. Chomba, E. M. , BSc (Zambia), MBChB. (Zambia) D.CH. (Glasgow) MRCP (IRE)
PROFESSOR
Professor Chintu, C., MD. (Toronto), FRCP (Canada), Diplomate ABP, FRCP (London)
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
Prof. Bhat, G.J., MBBS (Karnataka), DCH (Bombay, MD (Bombay)
SENIOR LECTURERS
Dr. Osborne, C.M., BSc (Zambia) MBCh.B (Zambia, MMed (Zambia), DCH, MSc (Liverpool)
LECTURERS
Dr. Shakankale, G.M.M., BSc (Zambia) MBChb (Zambia) DCH (London) MRCP (UK)
HONORARY LECTURERS
Dr. Phiri, S.M., BSc (Zambia), MBChB (Zambia), MRCP (Edinburgh), DCH (Glascow)
Dr. Shilalukey-Ngoma, M.P., BSc (Zambia), MBCh.B, (Zambia), DCH.MRCP (UK), Neonatology (Japan)

DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHIATRY

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT AND PROFESSOR
Professor Haworth A., GCDS. MA. MB., BChir., FRCPsych., DPM,. DObs RCOG., (Cambridge)
HONORARY LECTURER
Dr. Mathews, J., MBBS ( Jabalpun ), MD (Banglore)
Dr. P. Msoni BSc., (HB), MB, ChB, (UNZA) D. Psych. (Manchester)
Dr. O. Okitapoy, MD.
PART TIME LECTURERS
Mrs. C. Poulter, MA (Manchester) (Psychiatric Social Work)
Mrs. P. Mayeya, BA (Zambia) Clinical Psychology

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT AND SENIOR LECTURER
Dr. Prasanna, BSc (Mys), MSc (Canada), PhD (Madras).
PROFESSOR
Prof. Manankov, A.K., BSc (Donetsk), MSc (Donestsk), PhD (Moscow).
SENIOR LECTURERS
Dr. Munalula - Kunyanda, B.M., MSc (Moscow), PhD (Southampton)
LECTURERS
Dr. Ngulube, T.J., BSc. (Zambia), MBChB (Zambia), MSc., PhD.
Dr. Zulu, M.M., BSc (Zambia), MBChB (Zambia), MSc. (Vermont)
Mrs. Chileya, S.M., ZRN (Zambia), BSc., MSc (Kishinev).
Ms. Mbikusita - Lewanika, R.M., BSc (Zambia), MSc (Cardiff) . (On Study Leave)
Professor Kare
Dr. Sindwa Kanyimba, MR ChB, MSc.
STAFF DEVELOPMENT FELLOWS
Dr. Goma, F., BSc (Zambia), MBChB (Zambia), MSc. (London) (On Study Leave)
Dr. Kanyimba, S. , BSc. (Zambia), MBChB. (Zambia). (On Study Leave).
CHIEF TECHNICIAN
Mr. Simwinga, F., CGLI Part II (London)
Mr. Mutale, M., City and Guilds. CMA Part II. (London)
Mr. Mwimbi, A., HNC., ONC., MISCT. (London)

DEPARTMENT OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT & SENIOR LECTURER
Dr. Ahmed, Y., B.Eng Hons (UMIST), BM (Southampton), MRCOG (UK)
PROFESSOR
Professor Agboola, A., MBBS (London), MD (London), FRCOG (UK).
SENIOR REGISTRARS
Dr. Kaseba, C., BSc (Zambia), MBChB (Zambia), DGO (Dublin), MRCOG (UK)
Dr. Mtonga, V., BSc (Zambia), MBChB (Zambia), MMed (Zambia)
CONSULTANTS
Dr. Mwandila, W.S., BSc (Zambia), MBChB (Zambia), MMed (Zambia).
Dr. Mkumba, G., BSc. (Zambia),MBChB. (Zambia), DGO (Dublin), MRCOG (UK)
Dr. Mutale, C. , BSc (Zambia) , MBChB (Zambia) , MMed (Zambia)
Dr. Kafula - Sikazwe, T., BSc (Zambia) MBChB (Zambia), Cert. Epid. (Nairobi), MRCOG (UK)
Dr. Sikazwe, N.C., BSc (Zambia), MBChB (Zambia), FRCOG (UK)

DEPARTMENT OF INTERNAL MEDICINE

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT AND PROFESSOR
Professor Pobee, J.O.M. , MD (London) FRCP (London), FRCP (Edinburgh).
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF RADIOLOGY
Professor Tshibwabwa - Tumba, T.E. MD (Leuven,), PhD (Leuven).
SENIOR LECTURER
Dr. Matondo, P., BSc (Zambia), MBChB (Zambia), MRCP (UK), Dip. Derm
HONORARY LECTURERS
Dr. Yikona, I., BSc (Zambia), MBChB (Zambia), MRCOR Dip. Radiology
Dr. Simpungwe, J., BSc (Zambia) MBChB (Zambia), MD (Poona).
Dr. Lumbwe, C., BSc. (Zambia), MBChB (Zambia), MMed. (Zambia) MSc (Birmingham).
Dr. Banda, J.S., BSc (Zambia), MBChB (Zambia), MMed (Zambia) Dip. Cardiol. (London).
Dr. Godfrey Faussett, G., MA (Oxon.), MBBS (London), MRCP (UK).
CHIEF TECHNICIAN
Mr. Khondowe B.G., Dip. MLT

DEPARTMENT OF POST BASIC NURSING

ACTING HEAD/ LECTURER
Mrs. Ndele, P.M., MSc N (Boston) RN (Adephi/New York), BSc.N (Adelphi/New York)
LECTURERS
Mrs Ndulo, J., ZRN., ZRM., CPHN., BSc.N (India), MSc.N (Boston).
Mrs. Jumbe, L.C., MSc.N, DANS (Coleraine) BSc.N (India), ZRM, ZRN,
Ms. Lambwe, M.E.L., MSc Adm. (Edinburgh) DNE, ZRM, RN

DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL ILLUSTRATION

HEAD OF UNIT
Dr. Zulu, D., BSc ( Zambia), MBChB (Zambia), IDP MED. MEDPhoto Cert. (Wales).

SCHOOL OF MEDICINE

The School of Medicine was established as an independent School of the University of Zambia in 1970. Pre-clinical teaching, however, had started earlier in 1968. The first output of graduates with full medical qualifications was in 1973.

Since then, the School has presented over 1200 medical doctors for the award of its joint degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery.

In 1981 it commenced postgraduate programmes leading to higher degrees in a number of clinical areas. The Master of Medicine programme is now offered in Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Paediatrics and Child Health, Medicine, and Orthopaedic Surgery. A similar programme is being actively developed in Anaesthesia. A Master of Public Health programme with two tracts, one for clinicians and the other for non-clinicians, is offered since the 1994/95 academic year.

The School is also responsible for the higher level training and education of nurses and offers a four-year programme leading to the award of a Bachelor of Science degree in Nursing.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

PROGRAMME OF STUDY FOR THE DEGREES OF:

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN HUMAN BIOLOGY (BScHB)
BACHELOR OF MEDICINE
BACHELOR OF SURGERY (MBChB)

ENTRANCE REQUIREMENTS

1. Medical quota qualification from the School of Natural Sciences candidates must score a B grade average in eight subjects including:

First Year -
BS 111 - Cell Biology and Genetics
BS 112 - Systems Biology
C 110 - Introductory Chemisty
M 110 - Introduction to Mathematics
P 110 - Introductory Physics

Second Year
BS 211 - Cell Molecular Biology and Genetics
BS 212 - Plant and Animal Physiology
BS 221 - Form, Function and Diversity of Plants
BS 222 - Form, Function and Diversity of Animals
C 220 - Inorganic/Analytical/Physical Chemistry
C 240 - Organic Chemistry

2. BSc graduates who have passes in courses equivalent to those in 1 above.
3. International transfer medical students, the equivalent entry level of whom is determined by the School's Admission Committee.
4. Students previously excluded:
A student who has satisfied the requirement of one year exclusion period may apply for readmission depending on the availability of places in the relevant years.

PRECLINICAL COURSES

Third Year
AN 310 - Anatomy
BC 310 - Biochemistry
PGY 310 - Physiology
PS 310 - Psychology
CBE 314 - Community Based Education

Fourth Year
PHM 410 - Pharmacology
PTH 410 - Pathology
MB 410 - Microbiology
CBE 414 - Community Based Education

CLINICAL COURSES

Fifth Year
MED 510 - Medicine and Chemotherapy
PED 510 - Paediatrics and Child Health
SGY 510 - Surgery
OBS 510 - Obstetrics and Gynaecology
COMMED 510 - Community Medicine
CBE 514 - Community Based Education

Sixth Year
COM 610 - Community Medicine
FOR 610 - Forensic Medicine
PSY 610 - Psychiatry
SPEC 610 - Medical Sub-Specialities: Dermatology & Venerealogy
SGY 610 - Surgical Sub-Specialities Anaesthesia, ENT, Opthalmology, maxillofacial, Radiology

Seventh Year
MED 710 - Medicine
PED 710 - Paediatrics and Child Health
SGY 710 - Surgery
OBS 710 - Obstetrics and Gynaecology

EXAMINATIONS AND PROGRESSION

There are two kinds of examination in the School of Medicine: University Examinations and Internal Examinations.

University Examinations
These are held in accordance with University Regulations and are monitored by an external examiner.

Internal Examinations
These are departmental and do not normally require participation of an external examiner.

The GRADING SYSTEM

The following is the grading system in the School of Medicine:
A+ = 86% and above
A = 75 - 85% - Distinction
B+ = 70 - 74% - Merit
B = 65 - 69% - Credit
C+ = 55 - 64% - Pass
C = 50 - 54% - Bare Pass
D+ = 45 - 49% - Bare Fail
D = 40 - 44% - Fail
E = Below 40% - Outright Fail.

DEGREE CLASSIFICATION

A. B.Sc. (H.B.)
i. The grade of degree awarded will be determined by the University Senate on the recommendations of the Board of Studies. It will be based on the student's performance in the equivalent of 7 courses and shall include all the major subjects in the 3rd and fourth years.
ii. The following course weightings for the subjects shall apply:

Third Year
Subject Description Course Weight
Anatomy 1.5
Biochemistry 1
Physiology 1
Psychology 351 0.5

Foruth Year
Pathology 1.5
Pharmacology 1
Microbiology 1.5
TOTAL 7

iii. The classification fo the degree is determined by the aggregate of points awarded for individual courses as follows:

A+ - 5 points
A - 4 points
B+ - 3 points
B - 2 points
C+ - 1 points
C - 0 points

iv. There shall be four grades of degree:
Degree with Distinction - 28 points and above
Degree with Merit - 20-27.5 points
Degree with Credit - 12-19.5 points
Degree with Pass - 0.11 points

B. M.B., Ch.B
i. The M.B., ChB. degree is not classified.
ii. A distinction may be awarded in any of the final year subjects provided that the candidate has pass grades in all subjects.

AMENDMENTS TO RULES AND REGULATIONS
The Board of Studies may from time to time amend relevant Rules and Regulations subject to the approval of Senate.

INTERPRETATION OF RULES AND REGULATIONS
The decision of the University Senate shall be final and binding on all matters concerning the interpretations of these rules and regulations.

REPEAT GRADES
According to the current University Senate regulations, the degree is unclassified if any subject has been repeated because of failure. (Similarly) Supplementary examination results are classified as either Pass or Fail.


PROGRAMME OF STUDY FOR THE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING (BSc.N)

DEGREE REQUIREMENTS

In conformity with the University of Zambia degree requirements the BSc in Nursing fulfils all degree requirements of the University of Zambia in the following manner:
(a) 15 courses are taken during the three years at UNZA plus the exemption credit equivalent to two courses in lieu of Year I. This brings the total number of courses completed in the year credit to 17. This then fulfils the UNZA requirement of a minimum of 16 courses.

(b) The courses taken in this programme are in the area of nursing, thus meeting the requirements that 6 - 8 courses must be in the area of concentration.
(c) The requirements including at least one course from African Development Studies is fulfilled by Social Sciences 120: function of Social Studies which will be offered in year II. The program is undertaken in the department of Post Basic Nursing (PBN). The programme begins in Year II.

ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS

1.1 Minimum entrance requirements for all candidates are as follows:

(a) Certificate of registration as a nurse, or on equivalent qualification for those trained outside Zambia Midwifery will be an added advantage.
(b) Candidates wishing to specialize in MCH and CHN will be required to have midwifery qualifications.
(c) A record of an average academic performance of C+, or Pass equivalent to a percentage of 55 - 64% or above in the basic nursing programme
(d) Satisfactory references from at least two persons, one of whom must be an immediate supervisor of the candidate
(e) Two years experience as a registered nurse
(f) Five subjects from Zambia School leavers or the equivalent as follows:
'0' levels in : - English Language, Biology or General Science; Three subjects in either schedule A or C. A religious subject may be substituted for one course from schedule
C. 1.2 For baclaurates from UNZA, candidates with a Diploma in Nursing Education may be entitled to the fourth year intake courses which they have not taken, in order to meet the requirements for the BSc in nursing. The candidates must posess minimum of a solid C+, equivalent to a grade of 55 -64% mark or above.
1.3 Candidates who possess the Certificate in Public Health Nursing from UNZA may be admitted to the third year and take courses which they have not taken in order to meet the requirements for the BSc Nursing. Candidates must possess a minimum of a solid C+, equivalent to a grade of 55 - 64% or above.
1.4 Exemptions for candidates from other recognised diploma and certificate programme are possible.

Transcripts will be evaluated in conformity with UNZA criteria.

COURSE STRUCTURE OF THE POST-BASIC NURSING PROGRAMME:

TOTAL = 2 COURSES

First Year
Exemption credit equivalent to 2 recommended courses. This amounts to exemption from the first year in total.

Second Year
ADS 120 - Fundamentals of Social Sciences
ED 210 - Educational Sociology and Psychology
PTH 210 - Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology
PGY 210 - Applied Anatomy Physiology and Biochemistry
NS 210 - Nursing and Society
NS 213 - Community Based Field attachment (6 weeks) = course.
Total = 5 courses

Third Year
MCH 310 - Maternal and Child Health
MSN 310 - Medical Surgical Nursing
PSN 310 - Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing
CHN 310 - Community Health Nursing
NE 310 - Principles and Methods of Nursing Education
NS 313 - Community Based Field attachment = course
Total = 5 courses

Fourth Year
NA 410 - Nursing Administration
NR 410 - Nursing Research
NUR 410 - Area of speciality major in any one of the following:
Medical Surgical Nursing - MSN 410
Maternal and Child Health/ Midwifery MCH/MID 410
Community Health Nursing - CHN 410 Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing
- PSN 410
PA 340 - Personnel Administration
SS241-242 - Quantitative Methods in Social Sciences
Total = 5 courses

YEARLY PROGRESSION

Failing candidates
A candidate who fails up to two courses or who fails a course with a grade of D or E will be required to repeat the year. A candidate who passes two courses and receives a grade of D+ in one subject given a supplementary examination

Exemption on repeating courses
A candidate repeating any one year may be granted exemptions in those courses in which at the preciding ordinary examination the candidate passed with a grade of B or above.

Redirection
A candidate who fails in three major courses may be excluded from the School. Except in the final year, and except with the special permission of Senate, a candidate who has attended for two years the courses priscribed for any one year and has failed to obtain passes in such prescribed courses shall not be permitted to continue studies in the BSc Nursing programme.

DEGREE CLASSIFICATION

1. The GRADE of the degree awarded will be determined by the University Senate on the recommendations of the Board of Studies. It will be based on the students' performance in the best eight (8) full courses and shall include the 300 and 400 series courses.

List of 300 Series Course
CHN 310
PSN 310
NE 310
MCH 310
PA 340
MSN 310

List of 400 Series Courses
NR 420
NA 420
NUR 420 (MCH 420, CHN 420, PSN 420, MSN 420)

2. The classification of the degree is determined by the aggregate awarded for individual courses as follows:

A+ = 5
A = 4
B+ = 3
B = 2
C+ = 1
C = 0

3. Repeated courses, similarly courses passed after a supplementary examination for which the grade of "P" is recorded carry no points.

4. There is a penalty of one point taken off the total for each extra year spent to complete the degree programme where this delay i due to poor performance or falling.

5. There shall be four grades of the degree: Distinction 28 and above points
Merit 20-27.5 points
Credit 12-19.5 points
Pass 0-11 points

6. Students with a Diploma in Nursing Education (DNE) from UNZA other recognized institution who enter the programme straight into fourth (4th) year their degree classification will be based only on the 400 series courses.


POSTGRADUATE PROGRAMMES

A. Master of Medicine (MMed).

The School of Medicine has a four year postgraduate programme leading to the degree of Master of Medicine in the disciplines of Medicine, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Paediatrics and Child Health, Surgery, Orthopaedics.

Admission Requirements
1. MBChB from the University of Zambia or equivalent degree from another institution acceptable to the University of Zambia. 2. Applicants must have been fully registered for at least one year by the Medical Council of Zambia or any other medical Council recognised by the University of Zambia. Demonstrated potential to pursue postgraduate studies.

PROGRAMME STRUCTURE

The programem is a part-time, four to seven year programme because of the candidates necessary clinical duties. The programme is divided into two parts.

Part I consists of a one year curriculum in the basic sciences which includes lectures tutorials in Anatomy, Biochemistry, Immunology, Microbiology Pathology, Pharmacology, Physiology, and Psychology. This part is followed by written and oral examinations. This part also covers material essential for all fields of training.

Part II of the MMed programme consists of clinical work, a research project and the preparation of a dissertation based on the research project. The Part II examination is by written papers, practical clinical examination and a viva.

B. MASTER OF PUBLIC HEALTH PROGRAMME

Programme for Physicians On successful completion of training, the graduate will have demonstrable competence in Public Health as relevant for the Republic of Zambia; she/he will be able to implement the National Health Policy and Strategies, to adopt them as it might be necessary for local circumstances and future development. She/he will be able to actively contribute to further developments of National, Regional and District Health Policies. The graduate especially shall be able to play a crucial role in the District Health Boards and shall be able to collaborate in the elaboration and implementation of District Health Plans. According to her/his competence, she/he will play a major role as a Regional Health Advisor, and possibly of the Ministry of Health.

She/he thus will be able to recognise major community health problems, understand their origins in the local context, and devise and assist in control measures in addition to being able to play a pivotal role in the organisation and management of health services especially of the district health system and support the promotion of health in Zambia according to the National Health Policies and Strategies basing her/his activities on scientific methods with appropriate surveillance and monitoring.

Programme for Non-Physicians - The Master of Public Health programme for health- related personnel other than physicians focuses on planning and management activities within the context of the District Health system.

On successful completion of training the graduate will have to demonstrate competence in Primary Health Care management as required by the National Health Policy and Strategies of the Republic of Zambia: She/he will be able to actively contribute to further developments of National, Regional and District Health Policies.

The graduate especially will be able to play a crucial role in the District Health Boards and collaborate in the elaboration and implementation of District Health Plans.

MASTER OF MEDICINE (DISTRICT HEALTH SPECIALIST) PROGRAMME

The recent change of policy by the Zambian government has shifted the emphasis to district development. In the health sector, the Government has supported Primary Health Care for virtually a decade and is aware of a number of constraints including weaknesses in district health management and hospital clinical and management skills.

The increased political support for overall district development and increase of appropriate medical skills will reinforce on-going efforts to improve the District Health Service which is the major strategy for improved health throughout the country. The district Health Service based on the district hospital provides essential administrative and training support for Primary Health Care and first level doctor contact for the curative component of Public Health Care.

District medical officers are expected to be able to run the clinical service at the district hospital and administer the district Health Service. They often lead the District health Team.

At present, the District Health Service is staffed largely by relatively junior doctors with limited experience and little commitment to long-term service in the district. District medical officers with greater expertise and commitment are required to strengthen the District Health Service and support Primary Health Care and thereby strengthen overall development of the district. Equally, improvement in district infrastructure and management will increase the impact of the Government's efforts to achieve `Health for All' through district health service. Clinical, community health and management skills required by the district medical officer exceed those provided in medical undergraduate training and there is need for a specially designed postgraduate training. Specialists in Family Medicine or General Practice are widely recognised but their training does not include the depth of clinical and community health competence required by the district officer. In addition to improving management and clinical competence in the districts, specialist district medical officers with recognised status, appropriate emoluments and a satisfying career structure are likely to remain the District Health Service. The Zambian government is strongly committed to developing attractive working conditions to reverse the loss of trained manpower from the country. In Zambia, there are currently sixty-eight districts. The Government ultimately plans for two specialist district medical Officers for an average district and three for larger districts. To fulfil even a small part of this need, an in-country training programme is essential.

PROGRAMME PHILOSOPHY

District medical officers require a distinct core of knowledge encompassing first line clinical care of all ages, comprehensive community disease control and health promotion and skills in management and administration. They must be able to work with the health team, the community and senior health officials.

The essential criteria for any academic discipline (viz a distinguished body of knowledge, a unique filed of action, active areas of research and an intellectually bigorous training) are fulfilled. The programme is designed for doctors planning a career in district health care in rural and urban areas where they have responsibilities for leading clinical and community health activities and for management of the District Health Service. The training requires integration of academic knowledge from clinical and public health disciplines with the development of practical skills and experience in the actual setting of the district. The major training will take place in district hospitals. Students will undertake service duties appropriate to their training needs under skilled supervision in conjunction with acquiring the theoretical and academic knowledge largely through guided self-learning. The training philosophy is to teach the student to become clinically competent working with the technology and resources normally expected to be available at the average district hospital. Graduates of the programme will merit the award of a Master's degree (MMed District Health Specialist) from the University of Zambia standing equal to that awarded to graduates of the existing clinical specialist MMed programmes. Future teachers of this programme and other medical training programmes will be drawn from all MMed graduates including MMed (DHS). Implementation of the programme will be jointly by the School of Medicine of the University of Zambia, the University Teaching Hospital and accredited district (government and/or mission) hospitals.

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